![]() ![]() We will look at these challenges in more detail over the course of the book. Some of these challenges can be overcome through developments in the technology some of them will need to be worked around. ![]() At the same time, it highlights a common challenge for the type designer working with global scripts, which is to find ways of usefully mapping the computer’s Latin-centered model of baselines, bounding boxes, and so on, onto a design in which these structures may not necessarily apply. We can understand the historical reasons behind why this situation has come about. So even if you’re not a history fan, please don’t skip this chapter - I’ll try and make it as practical as possible.įor example, then, in the case of the wonderful Nastaleeq script above, we can understand why this is going to be difficult to implement as a digital font. At the same time, the history of digital fonts highlights some of the challenges that designers and implementers have needed to overcome, and will equip us with some concepts that we will get further into as we go through this book. This is one of the reasons why I’m starting this book with a description of digital font history: the way that our fonts have developed over time also shapes the challenges and difficulties of working with fonts today. The move from Gutenberg’s rectangular metal sorts to rectangular 9x14 digital bitmaps ensured that computer typography would be dominated by the alignment of rectangles along a common baseline - an unfortunate situation for writing systems which don’t consist of a straight line of rectangles. Much has changed since the early bitmap fonts, but in a sense one thing has not. The choice of bitmaps for each character, what we would now call the font, was hard-wired into the mainframe, and could not be changed. 3 The mainframe computer would generate the video signal and send it to the terminal, pixel by pixel: each character was 9 pixels wide and 14 pixels tall. In 1964, the IBM 2260 Display Station provided one of the first text-based visual interfaces to a computer. The idea was revived with the advent of digital typography. With the advent of hot metal typesetting, which combined casting and compositing into one automated activity, the idea of a font of type fell out of fashion. Next, the printer would cover the face of the metal with ink and impress it onto the paper. The font on the top left is a 14pt Greek typeface by Eric Gill.Ĭomplete fonts of type would be placed into type cases, from which compositors would then select the sorts required to print a page and arrange them into lines and pages. A complete set of type sorts in the same size and style was collected together into a font of type.Ī box of fonts cast by the Australian Type Foundry. The typemaker would then use the matrices to cast individual pieces of type (also known as sorts). Punches would then be struck into a mold called a matrix. ![]() To create type for printing, engravers would work the images of letters, numbers and so on into punches. ![]() 2 Two hundred years later, Johannes Gutenberg came up with a similar system for creating metal type that would spread rapidly over Europe and continue to be the most common means of printing until the 19th century. In 13th century, banknotes were printed with anti-counterfeit devices printed using blocks of bronze 1 the first metal type books were produced in Korea around the same time. The first recorded use of metal type for printing comes from China. Once upon a time, a font was a bunch of pieces of metal. PostScript Fonts, TrueType and OpenType. ![]()
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![]() It's too coarse, so you put it through again, right? No! With a burr grinder, the preground coffee gets stuck inside the burrs, and you''ll have to do some disassembly to set them to rights again. PSA: Do not put preground coffee into a burr grinder. In cheap burr grinders, the burrs will typically get blunt from regular use, and the flimsier motors may burn out with regular use in a matter of months. ![]() The machinery in a high-quality burr grinder is a bit more complicated, and it's built to withstand greater wear and tear. ![]() There's a reason why they cost a little more than a budget burr grinder. If you can afford it, we highly recommend going with one of the burr grinders we've listed. See world barista champion James Hoffmann's video for some more blade grinder hacks.) (You can learn how to shake the beans to even your grind just a little. These grinders are cheap, and yes, using fresh beans in a blade grinder is far better than buying ground coffee. The result is an inconsistent, unpredictable brew. Some of your coffee will be fine powder at the bottom, and at the top you'll have bits too large for even French press. This results in a more consistent grind, but for home brewers, conical-burr grinders are just as good-even if they require more maintenance and don’t result in consistent-down-to-the-micron-scale grounds.īlade grinders have a chopping blade that spins around like a food processor. The grinder action pushes the grounds out of one end, instead of relying on gravity like a conical-burr grinder, and the beans spend more time in contact with the burrs. In these, the burrs are laid on top of each other, and the beans pass through them as they grind. They deliver a finer, much more consistent grind than you’d get with a traditional blade grinder, even the nicest ones.įlat-burr grinders are similar, but they’re typically more expensive. ![]() In a conical grinder, coffee beans are crushed and ground between two rings of burrs. Our list consists mostly of conical-burr grinders. ![]() ![]() Food and Drug Administration, for off-label or alternative use to prevent or treat COVID-19 infection.īoth hydroxychloroquine and ivermectin were listed as eligible under the bill, which otherwise limited doctors addressing coronavirus only when it came to prescribing controlled substances. ![]() The measure would enable Kansas physicians to prescribe drugs, approved by the U.S. The retroactive provision sought by Steffen, viewed as a conflict of interest for him, was removed from the bill sent to the House. University of Kansas Health System submitted testimony opposing the legislation on behalf of Ascension Via Christi Health, University of Kansas School of Health Professions and University of Kansas physicians. Steffen has waged a protracted war of words with public health officials and medical professionals who expressed reservations about alternative treatment of COVID-19. “This fearful, greedy, political and incompetent shutdown of early treatment will be deemed a national tragedy in time.” ![]() “Thousands of Kansans and hundreds of thousands of Americans have died needlessly because mainstream academic medicine’s shutdown of effective treatment protocols,” Steffen said. He has asserted doctors shouldn’t be limited in the range of potential treatment options in a pandemic associated with more than 8,000 deaths and 19,000 hospitalizations in Kansans. In January, Steffen said he was under investigation by the BOHA. ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() A planned zoning amendment for the neighborhood failed in 2013, delaying the project for several months. SL Green acquired the structures on the site between 20, and announced plans to construct a skyscraper there in 2012. The top stories contain the Summit One Vanderbilt observation deck. Most of the building is devoted to office space. The lobby has a bank branch and an entrance to the nearby railroad terminal and the associated subway station, while the second floor contains the Le Pavillon restaurant. The superstructure is made of steel and concrete, and the interior spaces are designed to be as high as 105 feet (32 m). ![]() The facade is made mostly of glass panels, while the spandrels between stories are made of terracotta. The building's base contains a wedge-shaped void, and the tower tapers as it rises, with several "pavilions" and a pinnacle at the top. One Vanderbilt's facade and design is intended to harmonize with Grand Central Terminal immediately to the east. SL Green Realty, National Pension Service of Korea, Hines Interests Limited Partnership The observation deck, dubbed Summit One Vanderbilt, and the other public attractions are set to open in October.40.7530°N 73.9785°W / 40.7530 -73.9785 Thrill-seeking visitors will be able to ride the building’s completely see-through exterior elevator 1,210 feet above Midtown or snap pics from a series of “glass sky boxes” jutting out from the tower. EarthCamĪll tenants will have access to luxe amenities like a club-style lounge, a landscaped terrace that overlooks Grand Central Terminal and curated food offerings from Boulud. EarthCam The skyscraper was built by SL Green Realty Corp. EarthCam The building’s observation deck is set to open to the public in the fall. The building will be home to 1.7 million square feet of space. The tower, located across the street from Grand Central Station, is home to Michelin star chef Daniel Boulud’s new restaurant Le Pavillon, which opened on May 19 and occupies 11,000 square feet on the second floor. It will be home to 1.7 million square feet of space - 89 percent of which is already leased by the city’s “leading finance, technology, law and real estate firms,” the realty group said in a press release. The 1,401-foot tower, the tallest commercial building in Midtown, was built by SL Green Realty Corp., with construction completed in late 2020. ![]() EarthCam The tower is located across the street from Grand Central Station. EarthCam One Vanderbilt was completed in late 2020. The building is now the tallest in Midtown. Three crane arms danced repeatedly from the top of the edifice throughout the video until the rough structure was polished into a 77-story complex with floor-to-ceiling windows and an observation deck boasting 360-degree views. The video starts out by showing how a previous structure was leveled and then shows a deep hole getting dug before the construction slowly rises above its neighbors and into the skyline. The three-and-a-half-minute clip, published Wednesday, was filmed between 20 by EarthCam using eight webcams and about 2.5 million images that documented nearly every moment of the building’s construction. Greenwich Village office building snags first leaseĪ stunning, six-year time-lapse video shows how the new One Vanderbilt skyscraper rose from a patch of dirt in Midtown to a gleaming skyscraper. Why NYC companies are betting on big office spaceĪre you brave enough to climb 1,200 feet above NYC - and lean over? Workers panic after shaking felt in 93-story NYC skyscraper during elevator work ![]() ![]() ![]() THC can be toxic to dogs and can cause symptoms such as vomiting, lethargy, and seizures.Īs for boomer stoners, they are a growing demographic of older adults who are turning to cannabis for its medicinal benefits.Įxplore the top-rated weed pipes for an enjoyable smoking experience. ![]() ![]() If your dog eats your weed, it's important to seek veterinary attention immediately. What happens when your dog eats your weed? Where are the boomer stoners at? Here are some of your burning weed questions asked - and answered. Keep it in an airtight container in a cool, dry place to preserve its quality. In addition to choosing the right bowl and packing it properly, it's important to store your cannabis properly as well. Clean your bowl regularly with isopropyl alcohol and salt. Resin build-up can affect the taste and quality of the smoke. One important thing to keep in mind is to always keep your bowl clean. Use a lighter to ignite the cannabis in the bowl and inhale through the mouthpiece. Next, pack the bowl tightly, but not too tight that air can't flow through. Start by grinding your cannabis to a fine consistency. Properly packing a bowl is essential for a good smoking experience. If you prefer smaller hits, a smaller bowl may be better. If you're a heavy smoker, a larger bowl may be more suitable. It's also important to choose a bowl that fits your smoking preferences. However, ceramic and metal bowls are also available. Glass bowls are the most popular choice, as they allow for a clean taste and easy cleaning. When choosing a weed bowl, it's important to consider factors such as size, material, and design. The Stash Lab Technologies "The Boss" Glass Pipe.The Empire Glassworks Dragon Wrapped Glass Pipe.The Chameleon Glass Monsoon Spill-Proof Water Pipe. ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() These rules are also important for ensuring that each document contributes effectively to the consistent and interdependent body of knowledge that ISO and IEC produce. The ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 states the general principles by which ISO and IEC documents are drafted and stipulates certain rules to be applied in order to ensure that they are clear, precise and unambiguous. These guides are available on the ISO website ( ) and IEC website ( ). īoth ISO and IEC have published guides on the use of templates and other tools for the preparation of documents prepared in accordance with the ISO/IEC Directives. This ninth edition of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 is applicable to all enquiry drafts and to all final drafts registered after. It is not the intention that the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 follow the same structure and drafting rules as International Standards and associated publications (referred to collectively as “documents”, see 3.1.1). Clause 31: admission of the inclusion of trademarks or trade names for reasons of public interest or public safety. 27.3, 28.3.1 and 29.3: permission of an alternative system of numbering for formulae, figures and tables 9.2: permission of an alternative representation of numbers, symbols for variable quantities and numerical values for programming languages, pseudo-code and mark-up languages Clause 9: general review and reorganization of the content 8.6: addition of a new subclause on inclusive terminology 7.4: clarification in Table 5 that negative permissions are no longer permitted 7.1: clarification that the expression of provisions shall be limited to the verbal forms defined in Table 3 to Table 7 6.6: introduction of the notion of subdivision of the subject matter into profiles ![]() 6.5: introduction of the notion of supplementary content (files or data accessible via URL) 3.1.8: addition of a new note to entry clarifying the permitted content of Technical Reports This edition includes the following significant changes compared with the previous edition: This ninth edition of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 cancels and replaces the eighth edition published in 2018. The ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 has been prepared by the ISO/IEC Joint Directives Maintenance Team (JDMT) and approved by the ISO Technical Management Board ( ISO/TMB) and the IEC Standardization Management Board ( IEC/SMB). INTRODUCTORY CLAUSES TO THE ISO/IEC DIRECTIVES, PART 2ĥ.3ğitness for implementation as a regional or national standardĥ.7Ěvoidance of duplication and unnecessary deviationsĥ.8Ěccommodation of more than one product sizeĥ.9Ĝharacteristics not specified in a documentĦ Organization and subdivision of the subject matterĦ.3 Subdivision of the subject matter within a series of partsĦ.4 Subdivision of the subject matter within an individual documentĦ.6 Subdivision of the subject matter into profilesħ Verbal forms for expressions of provisionsĨ Language, spelling, abbreviated terms, style and basic reference worksĨ.3 Spelling and abbreviated forms of names of organizationsĩ.1 Representation of numbers and numerical valuesĩ.2 Representation of numbers, symbols for variable quantities and numerical values for programming languages, pseudo-code and mark-up languagesġ6.6 Overview of the main elements of a terminological entryġ6.7 Other elements of a terminological entryĢ2.3 Numbering, subdivision and hanging paragraphsģ3.1ĝocuments containing requirements for products, processes, services, persons, systems and bodiesģ3.2Ĝonformity assessment schemes and systemsģ3.3 References to ISO/IEC conformity assessment documentsģ4Ěspects of quality management systems, reliability and samplingģ5 Management standards (MS) and management systems standards (MSS)Īnnex A (informative) Checklist for writers and editors of documentsĪnnex C (normative) Designation of internationally standardized itemsĪnnex D (informative) Reference documents and sources for drafting International Organization for Standardization������������������International Electrotechnical Commission Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. ![]() ![]() ![]() The top two models (Crimson and Blackeye) are updated for 2016 with Atomic’s new Carbon Tank Mesh, a wall-to-wall layer of carbon-fiber reinforcement that adds strength and responsiveness without excessive weight. All five Nomad models are designed and sold as systems (with binding). ![]() Waist widths range from 86 mm down to 76 mm. Where the Vantage series of wider skis offers soft-snow versatility especially appropriate to Western all-mountain conditions, Atomic’s Nomad collection is built for maximized on-trail performance and hardpack carvability well suited to Eastern conditions. It comes with a sturdy 12-DIN Atomic XTO binding. It features a lighter, softer-flexing wood core than the Crimson and Blackeye, and it lacks the new Carbon Tank Mesh, but it’s still reinforced with two sheets of metal for integrity and high-speed calm. (Most shops still sell it for about $600 with binding.) With its narrow, edgy, eager-to-carve 76 mm waist and deep sidecut, it’s a frontside groomer specialist. The Smoke Ti remains a top seller for Atomic-indeed among all skis on the market-thanks to perceived value and aggressive pricing. Heading out the door? Read this article on the new Outside+ app available now on iOS devices for members! ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() The museum also features a Butterfly Conservatory, housing over 500 butterflies. The facility is one of the best museums in New York City, containing 45 permanent exhibition halls, a planetarium, and a library.Įstablished in 1869, the museum houses over 34 million specimens of animals, plants, fossils, meteorites, rocks, minerals, human remains, and cultural artifacts. Located in Theodore Roosevelt Park, the American Museum of Natural History is a go-to place for families with kids. American Museum of Natural History American Museum of Natural History via Pixabay It was formerly called Longacre Square and renamed Times Square when the headquarters of The New York Times moved to the area in 1904. The plaza is a commercial intersection and entertainment center with billboards and advertisements and is one of the busiest pedestrian areas in the world. Times Square Broadway Shows in Times Square New YorkĪnother top-best tourist attraction New York City has to offer is the famous Times Square, which attracts over 50 million visitors yearly. It also boasts a 70-story Top of the Rock Observation Deck and an outdoor skating rink, where a massive Christmas tree stands during the holidays. You can book a tour to learn about the 19 impressive Art Deco buildings constructed by the Rockefeller family, which house the NBC Studios and Radio City Music Hall. Whether visiting New York during the summer or holiday season, the Rockefeller Center is a must-stop tourist attraction. Rockefeller Center Rockefeller Center NYC via Pixabay In addition, there are other attractions in the area, including the Lake, Central Park Zoo, Belvedere Castle, and the Wollman Rink. There are many activities for visitors in the park, such as rowboat rental, jogging, and bicycling. It is an 840-acres park in the city center, a great place to relax and enjoy nature. Central Park New York Central Park via Pixabayĭespite the towering buildings, New York City offers Central Park for people who wish to take a break from the hustle and bustle. The 102-story building was constructed from 1930 to 1931 and features observation decks on the 86th and 102nd floors, where tourists can catch sight of New York, Connecticut, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Massachusetts. It is the 9th tallest skyscraper in the United States, featuring an Art Deco style, and one of America’s Favorite Architecture. If you’d like to see New York City skyline, there’s no better place to go than the iconic Empire State Building. NYC: Statue of Liberty & Ellis Island First Tour of the Day Įmpire State Building Empire State Building NYC.NYC: Statue of Liberty 45-Minute Cruise Skip-the-Box-Office.NYC: 1-Hour Cruise Around Statue of Liberty & Ellis Island.It stands 152 feet tall and is considered one of the largest statues worldwide. Located on New York Harbor, Liberty Island, the neoclassical copper sculpture was a gift from France to the American people.ĭesigned by Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi and its metal features were the work of Gustave Eiffel. One of the best tourist attractions in New York City and the top first to see is the iconic Statue of Liberty. Statue of Liberty Statue of Liberty by Matthew Daniels via Unsplash Many tourists also visit New York City to enjoy Broadway shows, shop for luxury goods, or explore world-renowned museums.Īnd if it’s your first time visiting the Big Apple, check out our list of the top 20 best tourist attractions in New York City. It is also one of the most famous cities worldwide, offering many tourist attractions, from the iconic Statue of Liberty to towering skyscrapers. Team Out of Town Blog Hub ( ) – Dubbed the City that Never Sleeps or Gotham, New York City is truly a lively place to visit. New York City Bucket List: Top Tourist Spots and Best Attractions in New York City. ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() Postings dealing with frustration, annoyance, etc. The powerful nature of the expression is such that it is now used widely as a heading for many articles and The frustration signified by Aaargh can be meant in pure fun or in some situations (in blogs for example) with a degree of real vexation. Please note that this screen version did not directly imply or suggest the modern written usage of Aaaarrrgh as an expression of shock - it's merely a point of related interest. The sound effect was (againĪpparently) originally titled 'man being eaten by an alligator'. Incidentally (apparently) the term Wilhelm Scream was coined by Star Wars sound designer Ben Burtt, so-called because it was used for the character Private Wilhelm in a 1953 film The Charge at Yellow River. Notable and fascinating among these is the stock sound effect - a huge Aaaaaarrrgghhh noise - known as the Wilhelm Like, then consider the many types of outrageous screams which traditionally feature in fight/death/falling scenes in TV/cinema. If you are wondering what Aaaaaarrrrgh and variants actually sound Repetition of 'G's and 'H's is far less prevalent. Of Aaaaarrgghh (there's another one.) varies most commonly in the number of 'A's, and to a lesser extent in the number of 'R's. There are very few words which can be spelled in so many different ways, and it's oddly appropriate that any of the longer variants will inevitably be the very first entry in any dictionary. It offers such amazing versatility for the user. In this respect it's a very peculiar and unusual word - since The OED prefers the spelling Aargh, but obviously the longer the version, then the longer the scream. The word itself and variations of Aaargh are flourishing in various forms due to the immediacy and popularity of internet communications (blogs, emails, etc), although actually it has existed in the English language as an exclamation of strongĮmotion (surprise, horror, anguish, according to the OED) since the late 1700s. Aaaarrrgh (there are hundreds of popular different spelling variants) typically expresses a scream or cry of ironic or humorous frustration. More dramatically Aaaaaaaaaargh would be a written scream. (in this sense usually written and rarely verbal). Argh (the shortest version) is an exclamation, of various sorts, usually ironic or humorous (etc) - This is a remarkable word because it can be spelled in so many ways. for training, research, speaking, writing, quizzes and exercisesĪrgh / aargh / aaargh / aaaargh / aaarrgh / aaaaaaaaaaaaaaarrrrrgh Tips for using books for researching language origins If you like words/language quizzes see the diversity/words quizzes Significance of cultural diversity in language and communications development. I'm not able to answer all such enquiries personally although selected ones will be published on this page.ĭemonstrates that word and expressions origins can be used easily in quizzes, to teach about language, and also to emphasise the If you are trying to find origins or derivationsįor words, expressions, phrases, clichés, etc., that are not listed here, then please use theīelow before you contact me. If you have corrections or further details about the words, cliches, expressions origins and derivations on this page, please Thousands more cliches, expressions, origins and meanings. These derivations have been researched from a wide variety of sources, which are referenced at the end of this section. TheĮxplain this, and the organic nature of language change and development. The influence of French words in English historyįascinating, and this connection features in many words and expressions origins. The close relationship between society and language - especially Section contains money slang and word origins and meanings, and English money history.Įntry is a particularly interesting example of one of the very many different ways in which language Use an ordinary decent English dictionaryĮnglish Dictionary or Websters, etc), which will provide origins for most words and many related phrases (see the ![]() Some expressions with two key words are listed under each word.Ī commonly ignored reference source for many words and expressions origins - especially for common cliches that are not listed in slang and expressions dictionaries - is simply to Cliches and expressions are listed alphabetically according to their key word, for example, 'save your bacon' is listed under 'b' for bacon. These cliches, words and expressions origins and derivations illustrate the ever-changing complexity of language and communications, and are ideal free materials for word puzzles or quizzes, and team-building Many cliches and expressions - and words - have fascinating and surprising origins, and many popular assumptionsĪbout meanings and derivations are mistaken. Cliches and expressions give us many wonderful figures of speech and words in the English language, as they evolve via use and mis-use alike. ![]() ![]() ![]() Screenplays can be completely original, based on an actual event or on a previously written book, newspaper article or stage play. Comedies tend to be shorter, so these screenplays are closer to 90 pages, which would equal a 1½-hour film, while Dramas are a bit longer, more like 2 hours so 120 pages would be appropriate. This is why the page count should be between 90 and 120 pages since the average film is 90 to 120 minutes in length. One correctly formatted script page typed in Courier translates to roughly 1 minute of screen time. The reason Courier is used has to do with a timing issue. What Constitutes a Screenplay?īasically, a screenplay consists of a 90- to 120-page document typed in Courier 12pt font and printed out on 8 ½ “ X 11” bright white paper, three-hole-punched. Industry insiders and readers are very unlikely to keep reading your screenplay, not skim but read if they notice a ton of formatting mistakes right upfront. My professors in film school, who are all experienced screenwriters, emphasize how vital it is to get the formatting down. No need to freak out – the formatting is fairly straightforward once you’ve been taught! Some writers even prefer the screenplay format since it allows them to focus on the true essence of the story they’re telling without all the flowery details. Writing a screenplay is different than writing prose because of all the technical formatting required. Joel and Ethan Coen’s Screenplays (Download).Quentin Tarantino Screenplays (Download).Christopher Nolan’s Screenplays (Download).For examples of great scripts, download all of… It allows strips off long, flowery prose that novels usually have and makes the story a fast read. A screenplay format allows the reader to be able to easily follow your story. Why is it really necessary to format your screenplay? If you are going to be a working screenwriter you need to know how to format a screenplay properly.įormatting helps to give credibility. So you have written a story that you know is really good, but you are having trouble understanding what a proper screenplay format looks like. ![]() |
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